After Jesus is accused of casting out demons by Beelzebub.
Luke 11:18 If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand? because ye say that I cast out devils through Beelzebub.
Luke 11:18 If Satan is divided against himself, how can his kingdom stand? I say this because you claim that I drive out demons by Beelzebul.
If, however, also the adversary is split from himself, how will he stand? This kingdom of his? Because you say by Beelzebub I cast out myself. These demons.
Jesus makes two jokes here. The first is the same as in Matthew and Mark, though not as strong. The humor is in the picture the setup creates, the adversary being split. The punchline is the question, "how does he stand?" The picture is that he falls in two. Then a new subject "that realm of his?" is added after the verb. But remember, people hear these things in the order they are spoken, so the joke is follow by a twist in meaning.
The second joke is similar, but there are two objects instead of subjects. One of them is ignored in translation because translators don't understand Jesus's humor. The first object is the joke, which, like the previous one, has a clarification. Jesus initially says, "Because you say by Beelzebub I cast out myself." this is a complete non-sequitur which is the point. Jesus brings the analogy full circle: if he is against himself, he is casting out himself. He clarifies this by saying who they are implying him to be: "these demons."
The word "satan" means "adversary." It is not a name. It is preceded by an article, "the adversary." Articles do not usually come before proper names when they are the subject of a sentence. they are used before non-Greek names to indicate their form when not subjects. The translators, however, wanted to reinforce their idea of "Satan" as a person, which was not a concept in Jesus's time. They eliminated the articles before this word twice to reinforce the idea that "Satan" is a personal name rather than a noun describing a concept, the adversary. (More about satanas and life's adversity in this article.)
"Devils" and "demons" is a Greek word that means "divinity", "divine power", "a lower divine being," and "evil spirit. "Evil spirit" is a New Testament usage or interpretation. More about Biblical use in this article.) Today, we would use a psychological term for these disorders, like "delusions", or, "personal demons". It is in the form of "the demons" or "these demons", that is, introduced by an article.
Jesus refers to the personalization of evil with the term "Beelzebub". It is not based upon any Greek word. The word "Ba'al Zebub" ("Lord of the Flies" or "Lord of the Flyers") is a Hebrew pun on "Ba'al Zebul" meaning "Lord of the Manor". Jesus refers to this pun in Matthew 10:25 using the Greek word "master of the estate" to introduce it. In Matthew 12:27, Jesus also uses this term to refer to the refer to the controller of demons. For more information, see this article.
We are each our own private personification of evil.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "however" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "satan" is not shown in the English translation
- UW --Untranslated Word -- The word "satan" means "adversary." It is an untranslated Aramaic word adopted into English.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the root word usually translated as "divided."
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "these" before "kingdom" is not shown in the English translation.
- IW - Inserted Word-- The "that" doesn't exist in the source.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "me" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "these" before "devils" is not shown in the English translation.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the common word translated as "devil."
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "however" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "and" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "satan" is not shown in the English translation
- UW --Untranslated Word -- The word "satan" means "adversary." It is an untranslated Aramaic word adopted into English.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the root word usually translated as "divided."
- WW --Wrong Word -- The word translated as "can" should be something more like "will."
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "these" before "kingdom" is not shown in the English translation.
- IP - Inserted Phrase-- The " I say this " doesn't exist in the source.
- IW - Inserted Word-- The "that" doesn't exist in the source.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This "claim" translation is inconsistent with how this word is usually translated as "say" and "tell."
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "me" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "these" before "demons" is not shown in the English translation.
If -- The "if" here is used to express conditions "if" (implying nothing about its fulfillment) or indirect and direct questions, "whether."It also means "if ever" and "whenever." When used in an "if" clause, the verb is the subjunctive form of possibility. When citing a fact the sense is more "whether," "since" or "as sure as."
missing "however" -- (MW) The untranslated word "however" means "but," "however," and "on the other hand." It joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
Satan -- (UW) "Satan" is from an Aramaic word meaning "adversary" or "opponent." Jesus uses it to refer both to external opposition and our desire to make bad decisions. See this article on the word and this article on this word and related terms.
also -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
divided -(CW )"Divided" is a verb, in the form of an adjective which means "to divide," "to separate," and "to be divided." It is a more complex form word than the basic word meaning "divided." It has a prefix meaning "through" to "divided throughout." We would say "split." This is not the root word translated as "divided."
against -- The word translated as "unto" means "on," "over," "upon," "for," "against," "before," "after," "during," "by" "in the case of."
himself, -- "Himself" is a special reflexive pronoun that means "himself," "herself," and so on. " When used in the possessive, it has the sense of "his own."
how -- "How" is the adverb that means "how," "by any means," and "I suppose." This is a common interrogatory pronoun used by Jesus.
shall -- This helping verb "shall" indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
his - The word translated as "his" is the Greek word correctly translated as third-person "his/him" in English. The word appears after the noun so the sense is "of his."
kingdom -- The word translated as "kingdom" can be the region, the reign, the castle or the authority of a ruler. Christ does not seem to use it to mean a physical region, so its translation as "reign" or "realm" seems more appropriate. This is especially true because the "reign" of a king means the execution of his will.
stand? -- The verb translated as "shall stand" is a "multiple meaning" verb. It means "to make stand," "to set up," "to establish and similar words in the active form. In the passive and when the active form doesn't have an object, it means "to be placed," "to stand," and "to stand firm." Like the English words "put" and "set," it has a number of specific meanings from "to put down [in writing]," "to bury," "to establish," "to make," "to cause," and "to assign." This is a word Jesus uses because of its multiple meanings.
because -- The word translated as "because" introduces a statement of fact or cause, "for what," "because," "since," "seeing that," "that," and "wherefore." Jesus usually uses this word to mean "because" in statements that seem like an answer to a question because of the change of context.
ye -- This is from the second-person, singular form of the verb.
say -- The word translated as "say" is the most common word that means "to say," "to tell," and "to speak," but when used with an objective noun or pronoun, the sense is "say of" or "speak of." It also has many ancillary meanings such as "to count" ("to number" or like we might say, "to recount" a story) or "to choose for yourself."
that -- (IW) This word is not in the Greek source.
I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the verb.
cast -- "Cast out" is a verb that means "throw out." Depending on the context, it can mean "toss out," "turn out," or "take out." It is usually translated as "cast out" in the NT. See this article for more detail.
out - This completes the meaning of the verb. It is from the prefix.
missing "me" -- (MW) The untranslated word "me" is the regular first-person pronoun in Greek as the object of the verb or preposition.
missing "these" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more. MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "word" is not shown in the English translation.
devils -- (CW) "Devil" is a word that means "belonging to a controlling spiritual power" so the sense is "an invisible controller." The word doesn't necessarily mean "evil". In Greek is used to refer to a controlling spiritual power, inferior to the gods. It was used to mean "knowing" and "skilled" in the sense that we might say, "He is a demon poker player." However, Jesus seems to always use it negatively as "an unseen controller" referring to invisible causes of disease, especially mental
disorders (see this article). In English, our word "daemon" retains these same meanings when it isn't used as an alternate spelling of "demon." . This is not the word usually translated as "demons."
through -- The word translated as "in" means "in," "within," "with" (an instrument), "by" (near), "by" (means of), "during" (time), or "among" with an indirect-object form object. With the direct object form, it means "into," "on," and "for." When referring to time, it means "during." It can mean "on," "at," or "by" in the sense of "near."
Beelzebub. - Jesus refers to the personalization of evil with the term "Beelzebub". It is not based upon any Greek word. The word "Ba'al Zebub" ("Lord of the Flies" or "Lord of the Flyers") is a Hebrew pun on "Ba'al Zebul" meaning "Lord of the Manor." Jesus refers to this pun in Matthew 10:25 using the Greek word "master of the estate" to introduce it. However, in Matthew 12:27, Jesus uses this term to refer to the refer to the controller of demons. For more information, see this article.
If -- The "if" here is used to express conditions "if" (implying nothing about its fulfillment) or indirect and direct questions, "whether."It also means "if ever" and "whenever." When used in an "if" clause, the verb is the subjunctive form of possibility. When citing a fact the sense is more "whether," "since" or "as sure as."
missing "however" -- (MW) The untranslated word "however" means "but," "however," and "on the other hand." It joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.
missing "and" -- (MW) The untranslated word "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
Satan -- (UW) "Satan" is from an Aramaic word meaning "adversary" or "opponent." Jesus uses it to refer both to external opposition and our desire to make bad decisions. See this article on the word and this article on this word and related terms.
is -- This helping verb "is " indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
divided -(CW )"Divided" is a verb, in the form of an adjective which means "to divide," "to separate," and "to be divided." It is a more complex form word than the basic word meaning "divided." It has a prefix meaning "through" to "divided throughout." We would say "split." This is not the root word translated as "divided."
against -- The word translated as "unto" means "on," "over," "upon," "for," "against," "before," "after," "during," "by" "in the case of."
himself, -- "Himself" is a special reflexive pronoun that means "himself," "herself," and so on. " When used in the possessive, it has the sense of "his own."
how -- "How" is the adverb that means "how," "by any means," and "I suppose." This is a common interrogatory pronoun used by Jesus.
can -- (WW) This helping verb "can" indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English. This word should be "will"
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
his - The word translated as "his" is the Greek word correctly translated as third-person "his/him" in English. The word appears after the noun so the sense is "of his."
kingdom -- The word translated as "kingdom" can be the region, the reign, the castle or the authority of a ruler. Christ does not seem to use it to mean a physical region, so its translation as "reign" or "realm" seems more appropriate. This is especially true because the "reign" of a king means the execution of his will.
stand? -- The verb translated as "shall stand" is a "multiple meaning" verb. It means "to make stand," "to set up," "to establish and similar words in the active form. In the passive and when the active form doesn't have an object, it means "to be placed," "to stand," and "to stand firm." Like the English words "put" and "set," it has a number of specific meanings from "to put down [in writing]," "to bury," "to establish," "to make," "to cause," and "to assign." This is a word Jesus uses because of its multiple meanings.
I say this -- (IP) There is nothing that can be translated as this phrase in the Greek source.
because -- The word translated as "for" introduces a statement of fact or cause, "for what," "because," "since," "seeing that," "that," and "wherefore." Jesus usually uses this word to mean "because" in statements that seem like an answer to a question because of the change of context.
you -- This is from the second-person, singular form of the verb.
claim -- (CW) The word translated as "claim" is the most common word that means "to say," "to tell," and "to speak," but when used with an objective noun or pronoun, the sense is "say of" or "speak of." It also has many ancillary meanings such as "to count" ("to number" or like we might say, "to recount" a story) or "to choose for yourself." This translation is inconsistent with how this word is usually translated as "say" and "tell."
that -- (IW) This word is not in the Greek source.
I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the verb.
I out by Beelzebul.
drive -- "Drive out" is a verb that means "throw out." Depending on the context, it can mean "toss out," "turn out," or "take out." It is usually translated as "cast out" in the NT. See this article for more detail.
out - This completes the meaning of the verb. It is from the prefix.
missing "me" -- (MW) The untranslated word "me" is the regular first-person pronoun in Greek as the object of the verb or preposition.
missing "these" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more. MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "word" is not shown in the English translation.
demons -- "Demons " is a word that means "belonging to a controlling spiritual power" so the sense is "an invisible controller." The word doesn't necessarily mean "evil". In Greek is used to refer to a controlling spiritual power, inferior to the gods. It was used to mean "knowing" and "skilled" in the sense that we might say, "He is a demon poker player." However, Jesus seems to always use it negatively as "an unseen controller" referring to invisible causes of disease, especially mental disorders (see this article). In English, our word "daemon" retains these same meanings when it isn't used as an alternate spelling of "demon."
through -- The word translated as "in" means "in," "within," "with" (an instrument), "by" (near), "by" (means of), "during" (time), or "among" with an indirect-object form object. With the direct object form, it means "into," "on," and "for." When referring to time, it means "during." It can mean "on," "at," or "by" in the sense of "near."
Beelzebub. - Jesus refers to the personalization of evil with the term "Beelzebub". It is not based upon any Greek word. The word "Ba'al Zebub" ("Lord of the Flies" or "Lord of the Flyers") is a Hebrew pun on "Ba'al Zebul" meaning "Lord of the Manor." Christ refers to this pun in Matthew 10:25 using the Greek word "master of the estate" to introduce it. However, in Matthew 12:27, Christ uses this term to refer to the refer to the controller of demons. For more information, see this article.
εἰ [90 verses](conj) "If" is ei, which is the particle used to express conditions "if" (with the indicative, implying nothing about its fulfillment) or indirect and direct questions, "whether." It also means "if ever," "in case," and "whenever." In citing a fact, it can mean "as sure as" or "since." It is combined with various conjunctions to create derivative conditions. When appearing as εἰ δὲ (literally, "if however") the sense is "if this...then that." The construction εἰ δὲ μή . . means "otherwise." The construction εἰ οὖν has the sense of "if so." However, it is also used to express a wish. After verbs of wonder, delight, indignation, disappointment, contentment, and similar emotions, it is use instead of ὅτι, to express the object of the feeling in a hypothetical form, "that" with the indicative (not subjunctive). With the future tense, it is used for emphasis, a warning, or an intention. When this word is paired with the conjunction translated as "but" or "however," the structure works like an "if then" statement in English. With verbs of desire and emotion and the indicative in the second clause, the sense is "that." With an imperative, it is used to express a wish. The sense is "I wish that." With the future tense indicative, it is used for emphasis, a warning, or an intention. The emphasis clause is after the main statement.
δὲ [446 verses](conj) "But" is de which means "but" and "on the other hand." It is the particle that joins sentences in an adversarial way but can also be an explanation of an indirect cause ("so") and a condition ("if"). In an "if" (εἰ) clause or temporal "when" (ὅταν) clause the sense is "if/when... then." In a series begun by men, it means "on the other hand." In a listing, the sense is "then" or "yet." After an interruption, "so then." It can also be an explanation of cause ("so") and a condition ("if"). When used with a conditional starting a clause, the sense is "if/when...then." When used with a particle meaning "indeed" the sense is "on one hand...on the other hand." In a listing, the sense is "then" or "yet." After an interruption, "so then."
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
ὁ [821 verses](article sg masc nom) Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). It usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. When not preceding a a word that can become a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Proper nouns do normally not take articles but they are needed when the noun ending cannot be changed to show the noun's role in the sentence as an object, indirect object, or genitive (possessive) form. However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article. -
Σατανᾶς [16 verses](noun sg masc nom) "Satan" is satanas, which is an Aramaic word meaning "adversary," "opponents," or "one who opposes another in purpose or act. "
ἐφ᾽ [138 verses](prep) "On" is from epi , which means "on," "upon," "at," "by," "before," "across," "for," and "against." With a noun in the possessive, genitive, it means "upon," "on" but not necessarily of Place, "by (of persons)," "deep (with numbers)," "in the presence of," "towards," "in the time of," and "over (referring to a person of authority)." With a noun indirect object, dative, it means of place: "upon," "on," or "over," of people: "against (in a hostile sense)," regarding a situation: "towards" or "in reference to," of an accumulation: "upon," "after," "addition to," and "besides," of position: "after," "behind," "in dependence upon," and "in the power of," of time: "by," and "after," and. in a causal sense: "of the occasion or cause," "for" a person, an end, or purpose," "on condition that," and "for" (a price). With the objective noun, an accusative, it means of place: "upon or on to a height," "up to," "as far as," "a little way," "a little," "towards," "to," in hostile sense: "against," of extension: "over," "over (a space)," of time: "for," "during," "up to" or "till," in a causal sense: "of (the object)," for (this purpose)," "as regards," "according to," and "by (this cause)." With verbs of perceiving, observing, and judging, it means "in the case of."
ἑαυτὸν [75 verses](adj sg masc acc) "Himself" is heautou, is a reflexive pronoun that means "himself," "herself," "itself" "themselves," and "ourselves." It is not the common pronoun meaning simply "he," "she," "them," etc. In the genitive form, it has the sense of "his own."
διεμερίσθη, [5 verses](verb 3rd sg aor ind pass) "Be divided" is from diamerizo, which means "divide," "distribute," "part," and "separate." The root merizo means "divided." The prefix means "through."-
πῶς [36 verses](pron indecl form) "How" is pos, which means "how," "how in the world," "how then," "in any way," "at all," "by any mean," "in a certain way,"and "I suppose."
σταθήσεται [28 verses](verb 3rd sg fut ind pass) "Shall stand" is histemi, which means "to make to stand," , "to set up," "to bring to a standstill," "to check," "to appoint," "to establish," "to set upright," "to erected,""to fix by agreement," and "to place." In the passive, it means "to be placed," "to be set," "to stand," "to stand still," "to stand firm," "to arise."
ἡ [821 verses](article sg fem nom) Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). It usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. When not preceding a a word that can become a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Proper nouns do normally not take articles but they are needed when the noun ending cannot be changed to show the noun's role in the sentence as an object, indirect object, or genitive (possessive) form. However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article. -
βασιλεία [98 verses](adj sg fem nom) "Kingdom" is basileia, which means "kingdom," "dominion," "hereditary monarchy," "kingly office," (passive) "being ruled by a king," and "reign."
αὐτοῦ [142 verses](adv/adj sg masc gen) "His/" is autou, which means is the singular adjective used as the genitive pronoun, which is used as a possessive form or the object of prepositions and sometimes verbs as opposed to the body and "of one's own accord." In its adverbial form, this means "just here" or "exactly there." This form is often used as the object of a preposition, him." This form of an object of a preposition means a movement away from something or a position away from something else. The time sense of a genitive object is that the event occurred within a specified time. Though the form is masculine, it refers to masculine words, not people. The masculine form is used to refer to people in general, not just men.-
ὅτι [332 verses](adv/conj) "for" is hoti, which introduces a statement of fact "with regard to the fact that," "seeing that," and acts as a causal adverb meaning "for what," "because," "since," and "wherefore."
λέγετε [264 verses](verb 2nd pl imperf ind act) "Ye say"is lego, which means "to recount," "to tell over," "to say," "to speak," "to teach," "to mean," "boast of," "tell of," "recite," nominate," and "command." When used with an object is has the sense of "call by name." It has a secondary meaning "pick out," "choose for oneself," "pick up," "gather," "count," and "recount." A less common word that is spelled the same means "to lay," "to lay asleep" and "to lull asleep." This word is more about making a statement than participating in a discussion. Translating is as "stated" might distinguish it better. When two accusative objects are used, the sense is "say of him this," or "call him this." The form Jesus uses to describe his own speaking can be either indicative, "I say/tell" or subjunctive, "I should/could say/tell."
ἐν [413 verses](prep) "In" is en, which means, with its usual indirect (dative) object, "in," "on," "at," "by," "among," "within," "surrounded by," "in one's hands," "in one's power," "during," and "with." With a direct (accusative) object, it means "into," "on," and "for." Referring to time, it means. "in the course of" or "during."
Βεεζεβοὺλ [4 verses](noun masc sg) "Beelzebub" is from the Greek Beelzeboul, which has no Greek meaning because it is from the Hebrew ba‘al zbûb, which means "Lord [of the] Flies" which is a mockery of the Hebrew ba‘al zbûl, "Lord Prince." Ba'al, of course, was one of the pagan gods mentioned often in the Old Testament, but the word means simple "Lord."
ἐκβάλλειν [33 verses](1st sg pres ind act) "Cast out" is ekballo and means "toss out," "throw out of a place,"and "expose." Ek means "out of," "from," and "away from." Ballo is "to throw" or "to scatter." While the sense is usually "to toss outside," it can also mean "to turn out" into a place. It can also means "produce" int the sense of a woman giving birth.
με [49 verses](pron 1st sg masc acc) Untranslated is eme, which is the objective first-person, objective, singular pronoun that means "me."
τὰ [821 verses](article pl neut acc) Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). It usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. When not preceding a a word that can become a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Proper nouns do normally not take articles but they are needed when the noun ending cannot be changed to show the noun's role in the sentence as an object, indirect object, or genitive (possessive) form. However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article. -
δαιμόνια. [13 verses](noun pl neut acc) "Devils" is daimonion, which means "divinity," "divine power," "a lower divine being," and "evil spirit." Technically, this word means "belonging to a controlling spiritual power." It is from daimôn, which actually is the noun that is translated as "demon." "Evil spirit" is a New Testament usage or interpretation. However, in the Greek Septuagint, the Greek word was used both for the different Hebrew words for "idols" and for "disease," but Greek used it to refer to a controlling spiritual power, inferior to the gods. It was used to mean "knowing" and "skilled" in the sense that we might say, "He is a demon poker player." In the Stoic philosophy, it was the voice of reason inside of us. Plato described his inner voice of conscience as a daimon.