For  - The word translated as "for" can be treated as supporting a dependent clause, or, in written English, as "this is because..." to start a new sentence.

Moses -- "Moses" is from the Greek spelling of the name for the author of the first five books of the OT. Unlike most Hebrew names, Jesus sometimes adds Greek ending to it in the form of a first-declension Greek noun.

said --, "Said" is from the Greek verb that means "to say" and "to speak" also. It is usually just translated as "say" or "tell."

Honour -- "Honour" is a Greek verb which means "to revere", "to honor," and "to value." It even has a sense of value in an economic sense meaning "to estimate," which has the same root as our word "to esteem." Jesus used this same verb in Mark 7:6 when quoting Isaiah.

missing "the/this"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more. 

thy --  The word translated as "thy" is the possessive form of the second-person pronoun. It follows the noun "father" here so "of yours."

father "Father" is the common word that Christ uses to address his own father, though it can mean any male ancestor. It is introduced by an article "the." In Christ's quote, the "your" is missing with "father" though it appears in the Septuagint version of Exo 20:12.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and", but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it is best translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as".

missing "the/this"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more. 

thy --  The word translated as "thy" is the possessive form of the second-person pronoun. It follows the noun "mother" here so "of yours."

mother: -- "Mother" is the common Greek word for "mother" and "grandmothers," but it also means "the source" of something. It is introduced by an article "the."

and,  -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and", but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it is best translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as".

He -- (CW) The word translated as "he" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, as it is here, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more. 

that -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "that" in the Greek source. It was added because the next verb was translated as active rather than as a participle.

curseth --(WF) "Curseth" is from a Greek verb which means "to revile" and "to abuse." The verb is in in the form of an adjective used as a noun, "the one abusing."

father  - Father" is the common word that Christ uses to address his own father, though it can mean any male ancestor. It is introduced by an article "the."

or -- "Or" is translated from a Greek word that means primarily "or" but serves as "than" in a comparison. The same word could also be the exclamation "hi" or the adverb meaning "in truth."

mother, -- "Mother" is the common Greek word for "mother" and "grandmothers," but it also means "the source" of something. It is introduced by an article "the."

let - This comes from the form of the verb, a third-person command.

him  -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "him  " in the Greek source. 

die  - (CW) "Die" is from an uncommon Greek verb which means "to bring about", "to accomplish", "to finish," and "to die." This is the verb form of the word usually translated in the Bible as "end" which has more the sense of "culmination" or "accomplishment." The form is a 3rd person command, which the Bible translates as "let him" in English but has more the sense of "he must."  Interestingly, the Septuagint is in a different verb form, see Greek for specifics.

missing "by"-- (MW) The dative case of the following word requires the addition of a preposition in English, but the translator must decide which preposition to use:  a  "to,"  "with,"  "in,"   "of,"  "as," "by," "for," "at" or "on," can all be used depending on the context. "By" works best because "death" is the means of the end. 

the -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "the" in the Greek source.  It is added because the previous word is translated as "die."  IW - Inserted Word -- The word "the" doesn't exist in the source.

death.  "Death" is the Greek word meaning "death" generally and the death penalty specifically. In Greek, it has the clear meaning of separating the spirit from the body.