Verily  -- The word translated as "verily" is the Hebrew word that means "truly" or "certainly," but it sounds like the Greek word with the same meaning. In Greek, the word also means "to reap.

I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the following verb.

say -- The word translated as "I tell" is the most common word that means "to say," and "to speak," but it also means "to teach," which seems to be the way Christ uses it more frequently. It also has many ancillary meanings such as "to count" ("to number" or like we might say, "to recount" a story) or "to choose for yourself." Christ usually uses this word to refer to his own speaking or teaching.

unto -- This word comes from the dative case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English: a "to" as an indirect object is the most common.

you, -- The Greek pronoun "you" here is plural and in the form of an indirect object, "to you", "for you", etc. 

That -- The word translated as "that" introduces a statement of fact or cause.

this -- "This" is translated from a Greek word that means "this", "that", "the nearer." This word appears after the noun "window" before the article and adjective meaning "the beggar."

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the," that precedes the word meaning "poor" or "beggar."  The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more. 

poor -- "Poor" is an adjective that means "a beggar" and "beggarly" and it a metaphor for being lacking in something. It doesn't have an article "the" on it. 

missing "the" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the" that precedes the word "widow." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more. 

widow --  "Widow" is a noun that means "widow" and "bereaved."

hath --  (WT) This helping verb indicates that the following verb is the past tense but the verb is a tense that indicates something happening at a specific point in time, past, present, or future, but we can assume past from the context. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

cast -- The word translated as "cast" has a number of meanings revolving around "throw" as we do in English with both "throw" and "toss." Jesus often uses this word in the same way we use "dump" in English. In dice, it means "to throw" the dice, but with the sense of being lucky.

more  -- The Greek word translated as "more " is an adjective that means "more" in many different senses of the word.

in, -- (IW) There is no Greek word that is translated as "in" in the source we use today nor was there one in the source that the KJV translators used. It was added for clarity.

than -- This word comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession, but here the sense is that "than" used in comparisons).

all -- The word translated as "all" is the Greek adjective meaning "all", "the whole", "every," and similar ideas. When it is used as a noun, we would say "everything." As an adverb, it means "in every way", "on every side," and "altogether."

they-- This is from the third-person, plural form of the previous verb.

which  -- (WW) The word translated as "which" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." Here, it precedes the adjective form of a verb. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more. 

have -- (WT) This helping verb indicates that the following verb is the past tense, but the next verb is the present tense and not in the form of an active verb. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

cast -- (WF) The word translated as "cast" has a number of meanings revolving around "throw" as we do in English with both "throw" and "toss." Jesus often uses this word in the same way we use "dump" in English. In dice, it means "to throw" the dice, but with the sense of being lucky. The word is not an active verb, but a participle, "casting."

into -- The word translated as "unto" means "into" a place, "towards" as a direction, "in regards to" a subject, and "up to" limits in time and measure.

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more. 

treasury: "Treasury" is a word that Jesus only uses here that means "treasury," but it is a special word used to describe the special rooms in the Jewish temple for offerings. It appears primarily in the NT and other Greek histories of the Jewish people.