Hereafter -- "Here after" is the Greek phrase of three words meaning "from the now" or "from the present". The word  "from" means "from" in both location and when referring to a source. The "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one". The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more.  The Greek word for "now" means "now", "at the present moment","presently" and "as it is".

missing "but"  -- (MW) The untranslated word "but" means "but", "yet", "however" and "on the other hand". It joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.

shall -- The verb "shall" here is the common form of "to be" in Greek. It means to have a certain characteristic or remain in a certain condition. It also equates terms or assigns characteristics. The form is the future tense. Its sense is "will be" or here, "will exist".

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more. 

Son -- The word translated as "son" more generally means "child" or "descendant". The phrase "the son of man" is the common way Christ refers to himself. It is discussed in detail in this article. Its sense may be "the child of the man".

of -- This word "of" comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession, but it can also mean "belonging to", "part of", "which is", "than" (in comparisons) or "for", "concerning" or "about" with transitive verbs. 

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one". The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more.

man - The Greek word for "man" means "man", "person" and "humanity" in the singular. In the plural, it means "men", "people" and "peoples". 

sit -- (WF, WT) The Greek word translated as "sit" means to "sit", especially of courts, councils, assemblies, etc. As a noun, which is how it is used here, it means "the judge" or "the court".  Jesus seems to use this word exclusively to refer to sitting in judgment of others. This is not an active verb but a participle, a verbal adjective, "sitting". This is not the present but the past perfect tense and in the middle voice, "having seated himself". 

on -- The Greek preposition translated as "on" means "out of" or "from". In Greek, they use the genitive case instead of a preposition for the types of phrases with usually English uses "of." This idea of being seated on the right is not usually indicated by this preposition.

the -- There is no Greek article "those" here in the source, but the noun is plural and in English, a definite article "the/this/that/these/those" is used before plural nouns in phrases like this.

right hand (WN) "The right hand", as a noun, it means the "right hand", "assurance", "pledge" and "treaty". It is plural, which mean that it cannot mean "right hand", unless we assume the Divine has more than one. So it has to mean  "assurance" or "pledge".  This word is not singular but plural. 

of -- This word "of"  comes from the possessive form (genitive case) of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession.

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those") than the English "the". See this article for more. 

power -- "Power" is a word that describes abilities and capacities, what actions a person can do or has done so "power", "might", "influence", "authority" and "force". It does not carry the sense of authority over others, either people or laws. The verb form of this word is translated as "can" in the NT. The "of" comes from the form of the word.

 missing "the/this"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", and "those"). See this article for more

of -- This word comes from the genitive case of the following word(s) that required the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession, but it can also mean "belonging to", "part of", "which is", "than" (in comparisons) or  "for", "concerning" or "about" with transitive verbs. 

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one". The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more.  MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "God" is not shown in the English translation.

God. -- The word translated as "God" means "God" and "deity." It is introduced with an article, so "the God." Jesus often uses it this way perhaps to indicate the one God as opposed to the pagan gods.