With -- This word "with" comes from the indirect object form of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is a "to" for the English indirect object. However, the translator can choose other prepositions: "with", "in", "of",  "as", "by", "for", "at" or "on", depending on the context.

I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the verb.

have -- (WT) This helping verb "have" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verb here.

eagerly  (WW) "Eagerly" is from a Greek noun that means "desire", "yearning", "appetite", "lust", "sexual desire" and "the object of desire". Over course, in the context of a meal, the word would mean "appetite" or appetite, but in the few other places Jesus uses it he uses it to refer to sexual desire or lust. This word doesn't mean "eagerly".  

desired --- "I have desired" is a Greek verb that means "to set one's heart upon", "to desire", "to covet" and "to long for".  This is the verb form of the previous noun. Again, it is mostly used to describe sexual desire, but here would be heard as the desire for food. It is not in the past or perfect tense as translated, but a tense that indicates a specific point in time that can mean past, present, or future. Since the next active verb is the present tense, that seems the best translation.

to -- This "to" is added to create the infinitive form of the following verb.

eat -- The word translated as "to eat" is one of the two common words used to mean "eat". It means "to eat", "to eat up" and "to devour". However, this verb comes later in the sentence, part of a separate clause.

this --  "This" is a demonstrative pronoun that means "this", "here", "the nearer" and "the familiar".

missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these" and "those"). See this article for more. 

Passover -- "Passover" is the Greek word that means the "paschal feast".  It has an article before it, so "the passover". This is what is hungered for or desired.

with -- "With" is the Greek word that usually means "with" or a related concept such as "among" or "by the means of". 

you --  The word translated as "you" is plural addressing a group of Jesus's listeners.

before -- "Before" is a Greek preposition that means (of place) "before", "in front of", (of time) "before", (of preference) "before", "rather than", "more than" and so on.

I -- This is from the pronoun in the form of an infinitive's subject. However, in English, the verb here is a verbal noun that takes a possessive subject.

missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. Here, it precedes the infinitive, making it act like a noun describing the action. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these" and "those"). See this article for more

suffer -- (WF) The verb primarily means "to have done to one",  "to have happen to", "to be treated so" or "to pay a penalty". However, it is nothing like an active verb. First, the nature of this verb is passive. The form is an infinitive ("to suffer") but when introduced by an article an infinitive acts like a noun, as we would use an "ing" word (gerund), so "the suffering". But since the word takes an object, "me",  the sense is really "this happening to me". This is not an active verb but an infinitive.