But -- (CW)The word translated as "but" is a less common preposition used like a conjunction that means "except", "save", "besides" and "in addition to". Since this "except" doesn't seem to follow from Jesus's previous statement, we can imagine a statement made such as "We all love you, Lord" to which Jesus is responding. As an alternative, Jesus could be excepting someone from the "you all" for whom his blood is shed, but it doesn't seem likely that he would except that person's "hand". which is the sense here. This is not the word usually translated as "but".

behold -- "Behold" is a verbal command meaning "See!" and "Look!". It is from the most common word meaning "to see" in Greek. In a humorous vein, it is also an adverbial exclamation like we use the phrase "tah-dah" in a magic show, or "voila" in French. "Look!" or "See!", comes closest in English. Jesus uses it both ways.

the  -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those") than the English "the". See this article for more. 

hand -- The Greek word translated as "the hand" means "the hand and forearm". It can mean both the idea of a helping hand and being in someone's control. 

of -- This word "of" comes from the possessive form (genitive case) of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is the "of" of possession.

him -- (CW) The word translated as "of him that" is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one". The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more. In this case, it preceded a verbal adjective, making it act like a noun. This is not the word usually translated as "him". 

who-- (IW) This word is not in the Greek source. It was added because the next verb was translated as active rather than as a participle.

 is going to -- (WT) This helping verb "is going to" indicates the future tense, but the verb is not the future. 

betrayeth  -- (WF) "Betrayeth" is a compound word which literally means "to give over". It is often translated in the KJV as "betray" but it has no real sense of that. The sense is more like we would talk about "turning someone in" or "turning them over" to the authorities. This is not an active verb but a participle, a verbal adjective, "betraying".

me -- "Me" is the regular first-person pronoun in Greek.

is -- There is no verb "is" here in the Greek source but it is implied by the noun in the form of a subject having no verb associated with it.

the  -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those") than the English "the". See this article for more. 

with -- "With" is the Greek word that usually means "with" or a related concept such as "among" or "by the means of". It also refers to "after" or "behind" when referring to a place, time, or pursuit.

me -- "Me" is the regular first-person pronoun in Greek in the possessive form, so "my" or "of me".

on -- The word translated as "on" means "on", "over", "at", "upon", "against", "before", "after", "during", "by" or "on".

the  -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the", which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those") than the English "the". See this article for more. 

table -- "The table" is an uncommon noun for Jesus to use. It means "table", "dining-table", "eating-table", "money changer's table" and "grinding stone".