πότε [26 verses](adv/conj) "At any time" comes from pote, which means "when," "at what time," "at some time or other," "at some unknown time, and "at some time in the future." With the subjective negative me (μή) before it, the sense is "not when." -- The "when"  is from an adverb meaning "when," "at what time," "at some time or other," "at some unknown time, and "at some time in the future." With the subjective negative ) before it, the sense is "not when."

ποτήριον [14 verses](noun sg neut acc) "Cup" is poterion, which means "a drinking-cup," "a wine-cup," "a jar," and "a receptacle" for offerings in the temple. -- The word for "of the cup" means "a drinking-cup," "a wine-cup," "a jar," and "a receptacle" for offerings in the temple. The cup is used by Jesus as a symbol for sharing burdens.

πότερον [1 verse](adj sg neut nom) "Whether" is from poteron, which means "whether of the two", "either of the two," and "one of the other."

πόθεν [9 verses](adv indeclform) "Whence" is from pothen, which means "whence" and "from what source." -- "From where" is from an adverb which means "whence" and "from what source."

ἐποτίσατέ [7 verses](verb 2nd pl aor ind act)   "You gave...to drink" is potizo, which means "to give a drink," "to water," "to moisten," and metaphorically "to saturate one's mind." -- The "give a drink" is a verb that means "to give a drink," "to water," "to moisten," and metaphorically "to saturate one's mind." This is the word used for watering livestock.  The root word meaning "to drink" has a double meaning of "to celebrate."