χειμών, [3 verses](noun sg masc nom) "It will be foul weather" is cheimon, which means "winter," "wintery," "storm," "stormy" and it is a metaphor for a calamity sent by the gods.  - "It will be foul weather" is not a phrase, but a single noun that means primarily "winter" but also "wintry, stormy weather." It is a metaphor for a calamity sent by the gods.

χείρ [25 verses] ( noun sg fem nom ) "Hand" is cheir,which means "the hand and arm," and "with the help of agency of another." Like "hand" in English, it has a lot of meanings including "an act or deed," "a body of people," and the measurement "handful." -- The Greek word translated as "hands" means "the hand and forearm." It can mean both the idea of a helping hand and being in someone's control. 

χεῖρον [4 verses](adj sg neut nom/acc comp) "Worse" is cheiron, which means (of persons) "meaner," "inferior," (in moral sense) "worse than others," "worse (in quality)," "inferior," and, as a noun, "inferiority." -- The terms translated as "worse" means various forms of inferiority and degradation.

χηρῶν [9 verses](noun pl masc gen) "Widows" is from chera, which means "widow" and "bereaved." -- "Widows" is an adjective that means "widowed" or more generally, "bereaved."  Christ uses it as a noun. 

χιτῶνας [4 verses](noun pl masc acc) "Coat" is chiton, which means "the garment worn next to the skin", "tunic [a men's]", "a coating", "a covering", "a membrane [anatomical]", "the upper part of a show", "vesture," and "coat of mail." -- "Coats" is the Greek word means an undergarment, not an over garment. Christ is literally saying, "Don't take two pairs of underwear." There is a certain humor in this that seems intentional.