Spoken to:
A man runs to him and asks how he inherits eternal life.
KJV:
Mark 10:19 Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother.
NIV :
Mark 10:19 You know the commandments: ‘You shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not steal, you shall not give false testimony, you shall not defraud, honor your father and mother.
LISTENERS HEARD:
The commands you know: take care you don't murder, take care you don't defiled a woman, take care you don't cheat, take care you don't bear false witness, take care you don't rob, revere that father of yours and that mother.
MY TAKE:
We all have seen what we should be careful about.
GREEK (Each Word Explained Bottom of Page):
GREEK ORDER:
τὰς ἐντολὰς οἶδας “Μὴ φονεύσῃς, Μὴ μοιχεύσῃς,
The commands you know: take care you don't murder, take care you don't defiled a woman,
Μὴ κλέψῃς, Μὴ ψευδομαρτυρήσῃς,” Μὴ ἀποστερήσῃς,
take care you don't cheat, take care you don't bear false witness, take care you don't rob,
Τίμα τὸν πατέρα σου καὶ τὴν μητέρα.”
revere that father of yours and that mother.
LOST IN TRANSLATION:
The term translated into English as "to know" in Greek but it actually means "have seen." The idea is that only what we have seen ourselves to we truly know.
The modern Bibles do better than the traditional ones in representing the "commandments" themselves. They are not in the form of commands. They are in the form of possibility, something that "should" or "might" happen, or, i this case, should not happen. Modern biblical versions translate this as "you shall not" but this confuses the form of possibility with the future tense. More specifically, this verb form with the tense of the verb has a special meaning as a warning. The sense is "take care not" to do this.
One surprising thing you can see by looking at the Greek is that not of the word for the different "sins"--murder, adultery, etc.--are common words for Jesus to used. He uses them rarely.
# KJV TRANSLATION ISSUES:
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "commit adultery" is not in the form of a command but something that should not be done.
- MW -- Missing Word -- This verb is a subjunctive, which requires a "should" or "might" when outside of a "when/if/whoever" clause.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "kill" is not in the form of a command but something that should not be done.
- MW -- Missing Word -- This verb is a subjunctive, which requires a "should" or "might" when outside of a "when/if/whoever" clause.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "steal" is not in the form of a command but something that should not be done.
- MW -- Missing Word -- This verb is a subjunctive, which requires a "should" or "might" when outside of a "when/if/whoever" clause.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "defraud" is not in the form of a command but something that should not be done.
- MW -- Missing Word -- This verb is a subjunctive, which requires a "should" or "might" when outside of a "when/if/whoever" clause.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "bear false witness" is not in the form of a command but something that should not be done.
- MW -- Missing Word -- This verb is a subjunctive, which requires a "should" or "might" when outside of a "when/if/whoever" clause.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "father" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "mother" is not shown in the English translation.
# NIV TRANSLATION ISSUES:
- CW - Confusing Word - This "shall" before "commit adultery" does not indicate the future tense, but describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice.
- CW - Confusing Word - This "shall" before "kill" does not indicate the future tense, but describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice.
- CW - Confusing Word - This "shall" before "steal" does not indicate the future tense, but describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice.
- CW - Confusing Word - This "shall" before "defraud" does not indicate the future tense, but describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice.
- CW - Confusing Word - This "shall" before "bear false witness" does not indicate the future tense, but describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "father" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "mother" is not shown in the English translation.
EACH WORD of KJV :
Thou -- This is from the second-person singular form of the verb.
knowest -- The verb translated as "knowest" means "to see" but it is used like we use the word "see" to mean "to know" or "to perceive." It is in the tense that indicates something completed in the past, "have seen".
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more.
commandments, The word translated as "commandments" has the sense of a direct "order" or "command" given by someone as opposed to a body of law or tradition in society.
Do --- (WF) This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb. This verb is not a command, which is indicated by the "do." It is in the form of something that "should not" be done.
missing "should" or "might"-- (MW) A helping verb is necessary because the following verb is a verb of possibility, a subjunctive, something that "should" or "might" occur. The helping verb is not needed in a clause beginning with an "if," "when," "whoever" and other conditional clauses.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
commit adultery, "Commit adultery" is the Greek verb which means "commit adultery with a woman" or "to debauch her." Jesus also used it to refer to betraying another.
Do --- (WF) This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb. This verb is not a command, which is indicated by the "do"
missing "should" or "might"-- (MW) A helping verb is necessary because the following verb is a verb of possibility, a subjunctive, something that "should" or "might" occur. The helping verb is not needed in a clause beginning with an "if," "when," "whoever" and other conditional clauses.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
kill, "Kill" is a verb that means "to kill", "to murder", "to be slain [passive], and "to stain with blood."
Do --- (WF) This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb. This verb is not a command, which is indicated by the "do"
missing "should" or "might"-- (MW) A helping verb is necessary because the following verb is a verb of possibility, a subjunctive, something that "should" or "might" occur. The helping verb is not needed in a clause beginning with an "if," "when," "whoever" and other conditional clauses.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
steal, -- "Steal" is the Greek verb that means "to steal", "to cheat", "to spirit away", "to conceal", "to keep secret",and "to do secretly or treacherously."
Do -- (WF) This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb. This verb is not a command, which is indicated by the "do"
missing "should" or "might"-- (MW) A helping verb is necessary because the following verb is a verb of possibility, a subjunctive, something that "should" or "might" occur. The helping verb is not needed in a clause beginning with an "if," "when," "whoever" and other conditional clauses.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
bear false witness, "Do...bear false witness" is a verb that literally which means "to bear false witness" or to "fake testify".
Do -- (WF) This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb. This verb is not a command, which is indicated by the "do"
missing "should" or "might"-- (MW) A helping verb is necessary because the following verb is a verb of possibility, a subjunctive, something that "should" or "might" occur. The helping verb is not needed in a clause beginning with an "if," "when," "whoever" and other conditional clauses.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
defraud -- The verb translated as "defraud" means to "rob", "despoil", "defraud", "to withhold a payment of a debt," and "to flick way". Its meaning overlaps with "steal" but stealing is something done in secret. This verb does not appear in Matthew and Luke versions.
Honour "Honor" is a Greek verb that means "to revere", "to honor," and "to value." In the original Hebrew, it is from kabad, which means "to be heavy", "to be rich," and "to be honored." Though the Greek word doesn't have the same sense of "weight" as the Hebrew, weight is often connected in Greek with value. In a commodity based society, value and weight were the same. We say that we give "weight" to an arguments in the same sense that the ancients would give "weight" to the rules of a leader or a God.
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
thy -- The word translated as "thy" is the possessive form of the second person pronoun. It follows the noun so "of yours.
father "Father" is the Greek noun that means "father" or any male ancestor so "forefathers". It is the word that Christ uses to address his own Father.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and", but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
mother. -- "Mother" is the common Greek word for "mother" and "grandmothers," but it also means "the source" of something.
EACH WORD of NIV :
You -- This is from the second-person singular form of the verb.
knowest -- The verb translated as "knowest" means "to see" but it is used like we use the word "see" to mean "to know" or "to perceive." It is in the tense that indicates something completed in the past, "have seen".
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more.
commandments, The word translated as "commandments" has the sense of a direct "order" or "command" given by someone as opposed to a body of law or tradition in society.
you ---This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb.
shall -- (CW) This helping verb "shall" does not indicate the future tense, but that the verb describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice. A "might" or "should" in English is more appropriate, but is assumed in an
"if/when/whoever/except" clause. Helping verbs are not needed in Greek since the main verb carries this information in its form.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
commit adultery, "Commit adultery" is the Greek verb which means "commit adultery with a woman" or "to debauch her." Jesus also used it to refer to betraying another.
you ---This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb.
shall -- (CW) This helping verb "shall" does not indicate the future tense, but that the verb describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice. A "might" or "should" in English is more appropriate, but is assumed in an
"if/when/whoever/except" clause. Helping verbs are not needed in Greek since the main verb carries this information in its form.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
kill, "Kill" is a verb that means "to kill", "to murder", "to be slain [passive], and "to stain with blood."
you ---This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb.
shall -- (CW) This helping verb "shall" does not indicate the future tense, but that the verb describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice. A "might" or "should" in English is more appropriate, but is assumed in an
"if/when/whoever/except" clause. Helping verbs are not needed in Greek since the main verb carries this information in its form.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
steal, -- "Steal" is the Greek verb that means "to steal", "to cheat", "to spirit away", "to conceal", "to keep secret",and "to do secretly or treacherously."
you ---This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb.
shall -- (CW) This helping verb "shall" does not indicate the future tense, but that the verb describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice. A "might" or "should" in English is more appropriate, but is assumed in an
"if/when/whoever/except" clause. Helping verbs are not needed in Greek since the main verb carries this information in its form.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
bear false witness, "Do...bear false witness" is a verb that literally which means "to bear false witness" or to "fake testify".
you ---This should be "you" from the singular, second-person command form of the verb.
shall -- (CW) This helping verb "shall" does not indicate the future tense, but that the verb describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice. A "might" or "should" in English is more appropriate, but is assumed in an
"if/when/whoever/except" clause. Helping verbs are not needed in Greek since the main verb carries this information in its form.
not -- The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests. It is used here because of the form of the verb is something that "should not" be done.
defraud -- The verb translated as "defraud" means to "rob", "despoil", "defraud", "to withhold a payment of a debt," and "to flick way". Its meaning overlaps with "steal" but stealing is something done in secret. This verb does not appear in Matthew and Luke versions.
Honour "Honor" is a Greek verb that means "to revere", "to honor," and "to value." In the original Hebrew, it is from kabad, which means "to be heavy", "to be rich," and "to be honored." Though the Greek word doesn't have the same sense of "weight" as the Hebrew, weight is often connected in Greek with value. In a commodity based society, value and weight were the same. We say that we give "weight" to an arguments in the same sense that the ancients would give "weight" to the rules of a leader or a God.
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
your -- The word translated as "your" is the possessive form of the second person pronoun. It follows the noun so "of yours.
father "Father" is the Greek noun that means "father" or any male ancestor so "forefathers". It is the word that Christ uses to address his own Father.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and", but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more.
mother. -- "Mother" is the common Greek word for "mother" and "grandmothers," but it also means "the source" of something.
COMPARISON: GREEK to KJV :
τὰς [821 verses] (article pl fem acc) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos.
ἐντολὰς [23 verses](noun pl fem acc) "Commandments" is entole which means "injunction", "order," and "command."
οἶδας [38 verses] ( verb 2nd sg perf ind act ) "Thou knowest" is oida which has the sense of "to know." This listing is not a root word, but the past perfect tense of eido, which means "to see," "to examine," "to perceive," "to behold," "to know how to do," "to see with the mind's eye," and "to know." That which "has been seen" is that which is "known." This is a somewhat legalistic idea because the truth can only be established by eyewitnesses. -- The word translated as "know" means primarily "to see" and is used to mean "know' as we use the word "see" to mean "know" in English. It is the past perfect tense so "have seen" but it is translated as the present tense of "know." What someone "has seen" is what they "know" in the present. Since the past perfect of "see" forms the present tense of "know" the pluperfect tense used here, which indicates an action completed before some other action in the past, is used as the simple past tense, "knew."
Μὴ [447 verses](conj) "Not" is me , which is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning "not" and "no." The negative, μή, rejects, is relative, and subjective. It is used in imperative and subjunctive clauses because both express opinions. This negative applies to will and thought. With pres. or aor. subjunctive, it is used in a warning or statement of fear, "take care" It can be the conjunction "lest" or "for fear that." Used before tis with an imperative to express a will or wish for something in independent sentences and, with subjunctives, to express prohibitions. It is used with infinitives that express a purpose.
φονεύσῃς, [6 verses](verb 2nd sg aor subj act) "Do...kill" is from phoneuō, which means "to kill", "to murder", "to be slain [passive], and "to stain with blood."
“Μὴ [447 verses](conj) "Not" is me , which is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning "not" and "no." The negative, μή, rejects, is relative, and subjective. It is used in imperative and subjunctive clauses because both express opinions. This negative applies to will and thought. With pres. or aor. subjunctive, it is used in a warning or statement of fear, "take care" It can be the conjunction "lest" or "for fear that." Used before tis with an imperative to express a will or wish for something in independent sentences and, with subjunctives, to express prohibitions. It is used with infinitives that express a purpose.
μοιχεύσῃς, [10 verses] (verb 2nd sg aor subj act ) "Do...commit adultery" is moicheuo, which means "commit adultery with a woman, " "to debauch a woman," and generally, "to commit adultery with anyone." It is a metaphor for "worshiping idolatrously.- -- The word translated as "commit adultery" means to"corrupt a woman." In the Greek Old Testament, this word was used to refer to being faithless to the Divine. Jesus uses the word translated as "adultery" most often to describe the faithlessness of divorcing a spouse. There are two versions of the verb are used, the rarer version by Mark and once by Matthew and the more common version by Luke and the largest number of times by Matthew. John never uses any form of this word. Both versions are common in Greek. I hope to separate the two words better in the future.
Μὴ [447 verses](conj) "Not" is me , which is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning "not" and "no." The negative, μή, rejects, is relative, and subjective. It is used in imperative and subjunctive clauses because both express opinions. This negative applies to will and thought. With pres. or aor. subjunctive, it is used in a warning or statement of fear, "take care" It can be the conjunction "lest" or "for fear that." Used before tis with an imperative to express a will or wish for something in independent sentences and, with subjunctives, to express prohibitions. It is used with infinitives that express a purpose.
κλέψῃς, [6 verses](verb 2nd sg aor subj act) "Do...steal" is from klepto which means "to steal", "to cheat", "to spirit away", "to conceal", "to keep secret", "to do secretly", "to seize or occupy secretly", "to bring about secreand "to do secretly or treacherously."
Μὴ [447 verses](conj) "Not" is me , which is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning "not" and "no." The negative, μή, rejects, is relative, and subjective. It is used in imperative and subjunctive clauses because both express opinions. This negative applies to will and thought. With pres. or aor. subjunctive, it is used in a warning or statement of fear, "take care"
ψευδομαρτυρήσῃς, [3 verses](verb 2nd sg aor subj act) "Do...bear false witness" is from pseudomartureô, which means "to bear false witness."
Μὴ [447 verses](conj) "Not" is me , which is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning "not" and "no." The negative, μή, rejects, is relative, and subjective. It is used in imperative and subjunctive clauses because both express opinions. This negative applies to will and thought. With pres. or aor. subjunctive, it is used in a warning or statement of fear, "take care" It can be the conjunction "lest" or "for fear that." Used before tis with an imperative to express a will or wish for something in independent sentences and, with subjunctives, to express prohibitions. It is used with infinitives that express a purpose.(partic) "Not" is me , which is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning "not" and "no." As οὐ (ou) negates fact and statement; μή rejects, οὐ denies; μή is relative, οὐ absolute; μή subjective, οὐ objective.
ἀποστερήσῃς, [1 verse](verb 2nd sg aor subj act) "Defraud" is apostereô, which means to "rob", "despoil", "defraud", "to withhold a payment of a debt," and "to flick way.
Τίμα [12 verses] (verb 2nd sg pres imperat act) "Honor" is timao , which means "to revere," "to honor," and "to value." This word is the one used in the commandment, "honor your father and mother." In the original Hebrew, it is from kabad, which means "to be heavy," "to be rich," and "to be honored."
τὸν [821 verses](article sg masc acc) Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the").
πατέρα [191 verses](noun sg masc acc) "Father" is from pater (pater), which means "father", "grandfather", "author", "parent," and "forefathers."
σου [144 verses] (adj sg masc gen) "Thy" is sou which means "of you" and "your."
καὶ [1089 verses] (conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and."
τὴν [821 verses](article sg fem acc) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"), which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"), which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."-- The word translated as "the" [The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more.
μητέρα. [27 verses]( noun sg fem acc ) "Mother" is from mêtêr (meter), which means "mother", "grandmother", "mother hen", "source," and "origin."